Quantum-Geometry Dynamics: A Deterministic View of Measurement

Quantum-Geometry Dynamics; an axiomatic approach to physics does not explicitly dedicate a section solely to the "measurement problem" as it is known in quantum mechanics. However, QGD's fundamental principles and its critique of quantum mechanics offer a perspective that implicitly addresses the issues at the heart of this problem.

Here's how QGD approaches the challenges raised by the measurement problem:

• Strict Causality and Determinism: QGD is founded on the principle of strict causality, which asserts that every successive state of a particle, structure, or system is strictly and uniquely causally linked to the preceding one. This deterministic view stands in contrast to the standard interpretation of quantum mechanics where measurement outcomes are probabilistic. From a QGD perspective, the apparent randomness of quantum measurements is likely not fundamental but rather a consequence of an incomplete description at the quantum level.

• Discrete Nature of Reality: QGD posits that space and matter are fundamentally discrete. This discreteness implies that the evolution of systems occurs through discrete steps governed by strict causal laws at the level of preons. What appears as a probabilistic "collapse" of a superposition upon measurement in quantum mechanics might be explained in QGD as a deterministic transition between discrete states that is currently not fully understood or accessible by continuous mathematical models.

• Rejection of the Uncertainty Principle as Fundamental: QGD considers the uncertainty principle a consequence of quantum mechanics' assumption of continuous space, rather than a fundamental limitation of reality itself. In a discrete and strictly causal framework, the simultaneous and certain measurement of conjugate properties should, in principle, be possible. This suggests that the limitations imposed by the uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics, which contribute to the puzzle of measurement, are not inherent in the underlying reality as described by QGD.

• Instantaneous Gravitational Interactions: QGD proposes that gravitational interactions are instantaneous. This non-local aspect of QGD could be relevant to how measurement on one part of a system seemingly instantaneously affects another, as seen in entanglement. QGD suggests that observed violations of Bell's inequalities might be due to these instantaneous classical (gravitational) effects rather than quantum non-locality. This could imply that the act of measurement involves instantaneous gravitational interactions that determine the outcome in a strictly causal way.

• Incompleteness of Quantum Mechanics: QGD implicitly suggests that quantum mechanics is an incomplete theory. The need for probabilistic interpretations and the difficulties associated with the measurement problem might indicate that quantum mechanics does not fully capture the underlying deterministic and discrete reality. QGD aims to provide a more fundamental axiomatic basis that can explain these phenomena through strictly causal mechanisms at the preonic level, potentially resolving the measurement problem by providing a deterministic account of what happens during a measurement.

In summary, while QGD does not offer a specific "solution" to the measurement problem as a distinct topic, its core tenets of strict causality, the discrete nature of reality, the view of the uncertainty principle as non-fundamental, and instantaneous gravitational interactions provide a framework that inherently challenges the probabilistic interpretation of quantum measurement. QGD would likely argue that what appears as the "collapse" of a wave function is a deterministic process governed by underlying causal laws at the preonic level, and that a more complete theory based on its axioms would ultimately provide a strictly causal explanation for measurement outcomes.

Strict Causality in Quantum-Geometry Dynamics: Implications for Physics

 The concept of a strictly causal universe as defined by Quantum-Geometry Dynamics (QGD) has significant implications for physics theories. According to QGD, all successive states of a particle, structure, or system are strictly and uniquely causally linked. This principle offers a way to understand the evolution of the universe as sequences of events connected by cause and effect, potentially allowing a description of evolution without relying on the relational concept of time.

Here are some key implications of a strictly causal universe within the framework of QGD for physics theories:

• Challenge to Spontaneity: Strict causality in QGD excludes spontaneity, which assumes that a particle or system can change based on probability over time without a specific cause. This challenges interpretations in other theories that might rely on inherent probabilistic behaviors without a clear causal mechanism at the fundamental level.
• Understanding the Source of Incompatibilities: QGD proposes that if reality is strictly causal, then it can be thought of as a complete and consistent axiomatic system. In this view, fundamental aspects of reality correspond to axioms, and non-fundamental aspects (observable phenomena) correspond to theorems. Incompatibilities between current physics theories arise because they are often founded on theorems derived from observations at different scales, rather than a unified set of fundamental axioms. A strictly causal framework suggests that a unified theory would require identifying the true fundamental axioms of reality.
• Possibility and Nature of a Theory of Everything (TOE): QGD's strict causality implies that a TOE is possible if it can be derived from the complete and consistent set of fundamental axioms governing the universe. However, it also suggests that achieving a TOE by simply unifying existing theories like the Standard Model and General Relativity might be mathematically impossible because they are based on mutually exclusive axiom sets. Instead, a TOE would need to be derived axiomatically from the most fundamental aspects of reality.
• Alternative to Time as a Fundamental Concept: The principle of strict causality in QGD suggests that the evolution of any system can be described without necessarily resorting to the relational concept of time. The universe changes from one state to the next due to concurrent causally related series of events, rather than evolving with time. This could lead to different formulations of physical laws that prioritize causal sequences over temporal evolution.
• Implications for Measurement and Observation: In a strictly causal universe as described by QGD, any change in a system is due to a specific cause. This perspective could influence the interpretation of quantum measurements and the role of the observer. While QGD acknowledges non-local effects, it attributes them to instantaneous gravitational interactions rather than inherent quantum randomness, suggesting a causal link even across distances. This contrasts with interpretations of quantum mechanics that emphasize intrinsic indeterminacy.
• Foundation for Axiomatic Approaches: QGD itself is presented as an axiomatic approach to physics, where the principle of strict causality is a guiding principle in choosing the fundamental axioms (such as the discreteness of space and the existence of preons). A strictly causal universe reinforces the idea that physics theories should be built from a self-consistent set of axioms that correspond to fundamental aspects of reality.

In summary, a strictly causal universe as envisioned by QGD has profound implications for how we understand the fundamental nature of reality, the relationships between different physics theories, and the possibility of a unified description of the universe. It emphasizes the primacy of causal connections and challenges the fundamental status of concepts like continuous space and time as they are often understood in other frameworks.

On the Nature of Quantum-Geometrical space

This is the updated chapter of Quantum-Geometry Dynamics; An Axiomatic Approach to Physics on quantum-geometrical space in which I propose a dynamic space discreteness and show Euclidian geometry emerges from it.

Preonics (the foundation of optics)

Following the failure of classical physics theories to explain the interference patterns observed in double slit experiments and other light diffraction experiments and because of the similarities between these patterns and the interference patterns generated by waves at the surface of a liquid, physicists deduced that light was behaving as a wave which led to the so-called wave-particle duality of light. Since the particle model could explain phenomena such as the photoelectric effect and since the wave model of light described the interference patterns of light, it made sense to deduce that light had to corpuscular or wave-like depending on the experiment performed on it. But what experiments actually showed is that neither accepted models of light could explain both behaviours and emphasized the need for a new theory.

Note: The chapter below is from Quantum-Geometry Dynamics; an axiomatic approach to physics Quantum-Geometry Dynamics; an axiomatic approach to physics. All units are discrete fundamental units as derived in the book.

An Axiomatic Approach to Physics

Notice: QGD as greatly evolved since An Axiomatic Approach to Physics was written.  I will keep the article and link below for reference, but most recent developments see Quantum-Geometry Dynamics; an axiomatic approach to physics.

Abstract
Quantum-geometry dynamics; a theory derived from a minimal set of axioms can describe, explain and predict the behaviour of dynamic systems.
First, we will introduce a set of axioms and corollaries which will be used to fundamentally define space, mass, momentum, energy and forces. This will be followed by a discussion of quantum-geometrical space and its geometry. Then, we will show how gravity emerges naturally from the axiom set and propose a new equation for gravity that can be applied at different scales. At the same time, we will provide quantum-geometrical interpretations of the laws of motion and use them to describe dynamic systems. We will follow by providing quantum-geometrical grounds for key predictions of special relativity, general relativity and Newtonian mechanics. Although quantum-geometry dynamics will be shown to be in agreement with physical observations and with the predictions of special and general relativity, quantum-geometry dynamics allows for distinct falsifiable predictions that set it apart from them.

Acknowledgements

I would like to acknowledge the editorial help of my good friends Mark Batten-Carew (first and longtime supporter of QGD) and Pete Bonkemeyer (enthusiastic new supporter), of mathematicians Ben Dribus and Keli Etscorn for their comments, impressions and for going over the math, and special thanks to physicist and friend Xiaoxiao Wang for his excellent suggestions, to astrophysicist Martín López Corredoira for taking the time to read this latest paper and encouraging me to continue my research and publish my predictions, and to Meng-Chwan Tan, for taking time from his busy schedule to provide needed advice. Thank you all for your open mindedness to new ideas.

An Axiomatic Approach to Physics (new draft)

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The Dark Matter Effect

The subject of dark matter is probably one of the most intriguing in physics today. Hardly a day goes by that doesn’t have someone claiming to possess the theory that explains dark matter. Dark matter, or should I say the dark matter effect, is the subject of so much speculation and theories (most of which are mutually exclusive) that the last thing I wanted to do was to add to the noise which is why I have referred to it only within the larger context of gravitational interactions.

Another problem, if you can call It that, is that QGD ‘s explanation of the dark matter effect is too simple. The effect emerges naturally from QGD’s postulates. In fact, dark matter is at the very core of quantum-geometry dynamics. You see, if quantum-geometry dynamics is correct, the dark matter effect is simply the macroscopic effect of free preons(+). In other words, dark matter is made of free preons(+).

We have described preons(+) has being the fundamental particle of matter in detail. Preons(+) form all other particles, including photons. Individually, they interact orders of magnitude more weakly than the even the least massive photons, which is why no instruments can detect them directly, but over sufficiently large regions of space, their collective mass is sufficient to gravitationally interact with and affect the behavior of light and massive structures.

Dark matter, contrary to beliefs, is not dark. Dark, by definition, is said of something that does not emit light. QGD contends that dark matter has been observed and studied for nearly five decades. You see, according to QGD, the only matter that existed in the primordial universe was in the form of preons(+) which were uniformly distributed throughout quantum-geometrical space. We’ll call this state, the isotropic state, one in which nothing existed but dark matter.

During the isotropic state, preons(+), as a consequence of the attractive force acting between them, started to form the simplest of all structures; neutrinos and photons. And because preons(+) were distributed isotropically, so were these newly formed photons. These isotropically distributed photons have been discovered in 1964 by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson and called the comic microwave background radiation.

A number of theories can satisfactorily describe physical phenomena and at the same time be coherent, consistent with reality while being mutually exclusive. Mutually exclusive theories can’t all be right so the ultimate test, the only valid test of a theory is the predictions that it makes that are original to it and can be verified experimentally or observationally. So what original predictions can be drawn from QGD that can be tested in the real world? And how do can we know that QGD is correct in its description of dark matter?

One of the most obvious implications of QGD is that sufficiently large regions of quantum-geometrical space (minimally the size of a small galaxy) should contain the same amount of preons(+), or, since the preons(+) is the fundamental unit of mass, have the same mass. That is, where and are regions of the same volume (the volume being defined quantum-geometrically as the number of preons(-) it contains).

Also, the mass of any regions of space is the sum of its free preons(+), , and its bounded preons(+), , that is: where and are respectively the mass of free preons(+) which form dark matter, and bounded preons(-) which for visible matter. To give an example, a region which may appear to be empty must have the same mass as a region of comparable size that is occupied by a galaxy or galaxies. The difference being that in the latter a great number of preons(+) are bound, hence concentrated, in material structures.

QGD Prediction

From the above, since the intensity of the CMBR within a region of space must be proportional to the number of free preons(+) it contains and inversely proportional to the amount of visible matter, the more visible matter a region contains, the weaker the CMBR should be. QGD predicts an inverse correlation between the amount of visible matter and the intensity of the CMBR. Thus, a sufficiently detailed CMBR map is expected to provide a snap shot of the distribution of free preons(+) or what scientist call dark matter.

Dark Matter and the Pioneer and Mercury Anomalies

When taken into account, the dark matter in our own solar system provides a simple explanation of the Pioneer anomaly and the perihelion precession of Mercury.

Supporting Observations

Interested readers may find some the descriptions of supporting observations in the following articles.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_surface_brightness_galaxy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIRGOHI21

http://arxiv.org/abs/1010.5783

For who is willing to do a little bit of research, there is an enormous amount of observational data that supports the QGD’s explanation and predictions about the dark matter effect. A more extensive list will be provide in the second edition of Introduction to Quantum-Geometry Dynamics.